Wow that's nutz & glad you found that nice buck.
Perhaps the projectile didn't have the required velocity to expand & destroy the lungs. Black powder guns can do some funny things if moisture gets to the powder. Sometimes they go bang but with minimal powder burn & slow bullet speed.
One thing for sure is they are amazing animals with an incredible will to survive...
My buck kill this year literally shredded the lungs & it went down in about 50 yards using the 300gr Hornady XTP projectile. The XTP offer massive expansion & true knock down power. The smokeless muzzle-loader velocity helps too... lol