What I see in Toronto a lot these days is big high rise condominiums and everybody and their uncle has to have a dog. It got even worse when the lock down came and folks saw having a dog as a way to socially interact with each other.
But the dogs like many I have seen in off leash parks sometimes only got their (weekly) off leash time on the weekends.
So right away you have dozens of dogs running around having a jolly old time while their (owners) or (dog walkers) as sipping latte coffee and chatting.
Dogs seem to bark when they are excited and if I was a dog I would be pretty happy and excited getting some freedom.
So to me totally the responsibility of the owners who are at fault for not looking after their dogs and just not understanding them.